On the Structure and Complexity of Rational Sets of Regular Languages

In a recent thread of papers, we have introduced FQL, a precise specification language for test coverage, and developed the test case generation engine FShell for ANSI C. In essence, an FQL test specification amounts to a set of regular languages, each of which has to be matched by at least one test execution. To describe such sets of regular languages, the FQL semantics uses an automata-theoretic concept known as rational sets of regular languages (RSRLs). RSRLs are automata whose alphabet consists of regular expressions. Thus, the language accepted by the automaton is a set of regular expressions. In this paper, we study RSRLs from a theoretic point of view. More specifically, we analyze RSRL closure properties under common set theoretic operations, and the complexity of membership checking, i.e., whether a regular language is an element of a RSRL. For all questions we investigate both the general case and the case of finite sets of regular languages. Although a few properties are left as open problems, the paper provides a systematic semantic foundation for the test specification language FQL

PERBEDAAN PENGGUNAAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN TWO STAY TWO STRAY (TSTS) BERBANTUAN MEDIA AUDIO VISUAL DENGAN MODEL KONVENSIONAL TERHADAP PENGUASAAN MATERI PADA KOMPETENSI DASAR MENGURAIKAN PENTINGNYA KEMERDEKAAN MENGELUARKAN PENDAPAT SECARA BEBAS DAN BERTANGGUNG JAWAB (Studi Siswa Kelas VII di SMP Negeri 14 Surakarta Tahun Ajaran 2015/2016)

ABSTRAK Sartika Lusiana Dewi. K6412064. PERBEDAAN PENGGUNAAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN TWO STAY TWO STRAY (TSTS)BERBANTUAN MEDIA AUDIO VISUAL DENGAN MODEL KONVENSIONAL TERHADAP PENGUASAAN MATERI PADA KOMPETENSI DASAR MENGURAIKAN PENTINGNYA KEMERDEKAAN MENGELUARKAN PENDAPAT SECARA BEBAS DAN BERTANGGUNG JAWAB (Studi Siswa Kelas VII di SMP Negeri 14 Surakarta Tahun Ajaran 2015/2016). Skripsi, Surakarta : Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta, Juli 2016. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui perbedaan penggunaan model pembelajaran two stay two stray berbantuan media audio visual dengan model konvensional terhadap penguasaan materi pada kompetensi dasar menguraikan pentingnya kemerdekaan mengeluarkan pendapat secara bebas dan bertanggungjawab pada siswa kelas VII SMP Negeri 14 Surakarta pada tahun ajaran 2015/2016. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian eksperimen, dengan desain penelitian yaitu true eksperimental design. Populasi penelitian adalah peserta didik kelas VII SMP Negeri 14 Surakarta. Sampel diambil dengan teknik pengambilan sampel berupa simple random sampling. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah sebanyak 80 peserta didik, 40 peserta didik sebagai kelompok eksperimen dan 40 peserta didik sebagai kelompok kontrol. Instrumen yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berupa dokumentasi, observasi, tes objektif, dan angket. Validitas yang digunakan adalah validitas isi. Pengujian validitas tes dengan menggunakan rumus product moment dari Pearson dengan taraf signifikansi 5% atau (α=0,05), sedangkan uji reliabilitas dalam penelitian ini menggunakan rumus Spearman Brown. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan secara signifikan antara penguasaan materi peserta didik dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran two stay two stray berbantuan media audio visual dengan penguasaan materi peserta didik dengan menggunakan metode konvensional.Hal tersebut didasarkan pada nilai rata-rata hasil belajar kelas eksperimen yang lebih tinggi jika dibandingkan dengan kelas kontrol, yaitu kelas eksperimen (86,75) > kelas kontrol (79,15). Perbedaan tersebut juga didasarkan pada hasil analisis data dengan uji t.test yang menyatakan bahwa t hitung ≥ t tabel, yaitu 4,2991 ≥ 1,99085. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa dalam penelitian ini terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara penggunaan model pembelajaran two stay two stray berbantuan media audio visual dengan metode konvensional terhadap penguasaan materi pada kompetensi dasar menguraikan pentingnya kemerdekaan mengeluarkan pendapat secara bebas dan bertanngung jawab pada siswa kelas VII di SMP Negeri 14 Surakarta tahun ajaran 2015/2016. Kata Kunci:Two Stay Two Stray, Audio Visual, Model Konvensiona

VerifyThis 2015 A program verification competition

VerifyThis 2015 was a one-day program verification competition which took place on April 12th, 2015 in London, UK, as part of the European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software (ETAPS 2015). It was the fourth instalment in the VerifyThis competition series. This article provides an overview of the VerifyThis 2015 event, the challenges that were posed during the competition, and a high-level overview of the solutions to these challenges. It concludes with the results of the competition and some ideas and thoughts for future instalments of VerifyThis

Effective Verification for Low-Level Software with Competing Interrupts

Interrupt-driven software is difficult to test and debug, especially when interrupts can be nested and subject to priorities. Interrupts can arrive at arbitrary times, leading to an exponential blow-up in the number of cases to consider. We present a new formal approach to verifying interrupt-driven software based on symbolic execution. The approach leverages recent advances in the encoding of the execution traces of interacting, concurrent threads. We assess the performance of our method on benchmarks drawn from embedded systems code and device drivers, and experimentally compare it to conventional approaches that use source-to-source transformations. Our results show that our method significantly outperforms these techniques. To the best of our knowledge, our work is the first to demonstrate effective verification of low-level embedded software with nested interrupt

Closure properties and complexity of rational sets of regular languages

This work received funding in part by the National Research Network RiSE on Rigorous Systems Engineering (Austrian Science Fund (FWF): S11403-N23), by the Vienna Science and Technology Fund (WWTF) through grant PROSEED, by an Erwin Schrödinger Fellowship (Austrian Science Fund (FWF): J3696-N26), and by the European Research Council under the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013)/ERC grant agreement DIADEM no. 246858

Improving the confidence in measurement-based timing analysis

“This material is presented to ensure timely dissemination of scholarly and technical work. Copyright and all rights therein are retained by authors or by other copyright holders. All persons copying this information are expected to adhere to the terms and constraints invoked by each author's copyright. In most cases, these works may not be reposted without the explicit permission of the copyright holder." “Copyright IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or to reuse any copyrighted component of this work in other works must be obtained from the IEEE.”Measurement-based timing analysis (MBTA) is a hybrid approach that combines execution-time measurements with static program analysis techniques to obtain an estimate of the worst-case execution time (WCET) of a program. The most challenging part of MBTA is test data generation. Choosing an adequate set of test vectors determines safety and efficiency of the overall analysis. So far, there are no feasible criteria that determine how well the worst-case temporal behavior of program parts is covered by a given test-suite. In this paper we introduce a relative safety metric that compares test suites with respect to how well the observed worst-case behavior of program parts is exercised. Using this metric, we empirically show that common code coverage criteria from the domain of functional testing can produce unsafe WCET estimates in the context of MBTA for systems with a processor like the TriCore 1796. Further, we use the relative safety metric to examine coverage criteria that require all feasible pairs of, e.g., basic blocks to be exercised in combination. These are shown to be superior to code coverage criteria from the domain of functional testing, but there is still a chance that an unsafe WCET estimate is derived by MBTA in our experimental setup. Based on the outcomes of our evaluation we introduce and examine Balanced Path Generation, an input data generation technique that combines the advantages of all evaluated coverage criteria and random input data generation

Query-driven program testing

Zsfassung in dt. SpracheIn this dissertation we describe a new method for fully automatic test case generation following formal specifications given by test engineers.We build upon a well-defined mathematical core that captures the semantics of coverage criteria.On top of this framework we define the declarative test specification language FQL, the FShell query language.These formal specifications are supplemented with an engine that generates test cases in response to FQL queries.We chose this overall design of a mathematical core, a query language and an efficient back end in analogy to databases and hence refer to our method as query-driven program testing.The full workflow is implemented for ANSI C programs in a tool called FShell, which uses components of the C Bounded Model Checker (CBMC).18